What's a Fascist?

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al-Qa'bong

Lard Tunderin Jeezus wrote:

Unfortunately, not. (Orwell seems to say the word is next to meaningless.)

Orwell didn't quite say that; he said the use of the word is generally meaningless.

He was cheeky in his use of "barbaric" though, wasn't he?

Fotheringay-Phipps

Is Canada/Harper/Rob Ford fascist? I've only been here a few years but the question pops up like whack-a-mole. And every time I post this link:http://www.themodernword.com/eco/eco_blackshirt.html

It's a precis of Umberto Eco's superb essay "Eternal Fascism: Fourteen Ways of Looking at a Blackshirt". I think he pretty much nails it. Read, mark, digest. If you want the whole essay, the web page cites the relevant issue of The New York Review of Books, where it originally appeared in 1995. For Eco there is no defined moment at which extremism topples over into fascism, only a steady accretion of values and attitudes which may permit the rise of something like fascism. A certain proud unintelligibility has always marked fascism, after all. You couldn't expect it to be too clearly defined. In any case, we can tick off some of the boxes on Eco's list but others just don't seem applicable to us yet.

For ruthless concision, I always liked Arno Mayer's definition of fascism: "The extremism of the centre."

Cueball Cueball's picture

jrootham wrote:

I think strong words are certainly appropriate.  I just think they should be unequivocally correct.

Illegal, unconstitutional, repressive, authoritarian, incompetent, police state.  Those are the words that come to my mind.  

Anybody else have suggestions?

My suggestion is that you read "I will bear witness" by Victor Klemperer. This is a fascinating day to day journal of a Jewish university professor who was born in Dresden and survived the Holocaust for a few reasons. First, he married a gentile, which means that he ended up a less persecuted category, Indeed, he was allowed to continue to live in Dresden throughout most of the war in a ghetto populated by Jews married to gentiles. The second reason he survived is that he missed the final round up of Jews to be sent to their death because the British happened to fire bomb Dresden destroying the local Gestapo headquarters and in the process all their records.

He and his wife were able to escape Dresden with the rest of the refugees, once Klemperer removed the yellow stars from all his clothing. His misfortunes are our blessing because his miraculous survival allows us to witness the true nature of how tyrrany was practiced in Nazi Germany, without being filitered by hindsight because it is written as it happened, daily.

In anycase, the reason you should read this day to day journal is because it starts in 1933, and goes through to 1945. While you are reading it I want you to count how many time Klemperer states something along the lines of "the persecution can't get any worse than this!"

6079_Smith_W

That Eco article is very interesting, though it reminded me that Orwell didn't exactly invent Newspeak. His template was Basic English, an 850-word language invented by C.K. Ogden. It was promoted by Winston Churchill, and Brendan Bracken (B.B.) who was head of the Ministry of Information for use as a lingua franca in overseas broadcasts. Orwell worked there in the BBC's India section, and part of his work included translating press releases and literature into Basic.

The introduction of Basic, CHurchill said, "offers far better prizes than taking away other people's provinces or lands, or grinding them down in exploitation. The empires of the future are the Empires of the mind."

Parts of Nineteen Eighty-Four , particularly around Newspeak, are a thinly-veiled satire of his work during world war two

Source: The War Broadcasts   Penguin

(edit)

Also, I don't want to second-guess the author, but "ur" means eternal in the past tense - the original source. It has nothing to do with the future (and it seem like that is Eco's intent). So ur-fascism seems to me to refer to the psychological roots moreso than the practical application. In any case, great article, thanks.

jrootham

Cueball, I do not understand the point of your last response.

Where have I said that the repression can't get any worse than this?  I remember it being worse than this (October 1970).  It can get arbitrarily bad.  Right now we still have independent institutions and push back.

Do you understand the things that I write?  Your responses seem to be complete non sequiters.

 

 

Snert Snert's picture

Quote:
What do you think? On a scale of 1 to 10 how fascist is that?

 

You're saying that this:

[IMG]http://i55.tinypic.com/idag60.jpg[/IMG]

 

... is proof of fascism? Very well. But as to your question, I don't know how to answer. It's a bit like asking "how Nazi is that?". It's not really a common scale.

George Victor

Cueball wrote:

jrootham wrote:

I think strong words are certainly appropriate.  I just think they should be unequivocally correct.

Illegal, unconstitutional, repressive, authoritarian, incompetent, police state.  Those are the words that come to my mind.  

Anybody else have suggestions?

My suggestion is that you read "I will bear witness" by Victor Klemperer. This is a fascinating day to day journal of a Jewish university professor who was born in Dresden and survived the Holocaust for a few reasons. First, he married a gentile, which means that he ended up a less persecuted category, Indeed, he was allowed to continue to live in Dresden throughout most of the war in a ghetto populated by Jews married to gentiles. The second reason he survived is that he missed the final round up of Jews to be sent to their death because the British happened to fire bomb Dresden destroying the local Gestapo headquarters and in the process all their records.

He and his wife were able to escape Dresden with the rest of the refugees, once Klemperer removed the yellow stars from all his clothing. His misfortunes are our blessing because his miraculous survival allows us to witness the true nature of how tyrrany was practiced in Nazi Germany, without being filitered by hindsight because it is written as it happened, daily.

In anycase, the reason you should read this day to day journal is because it starts in 1933, and goes through to 1945. While you are reading it I want you to count how many time Klemperer states something along the lines of "the persecution can't get any worse than this!"

 

Klemperer's diaries should be required reading in all Politics 101 courses.  

Cueball Cueball's picture

Snert wrote:

Quote:
What do you think? On a scale of 1 to 10 how fascist is that?

 

You're saying that this:

[IMG]http://i55.tinypic.com/idag60.jpg[/IMG]

 

... is proof of fascism? Very well. But as to your question, I don't know how to answer. It's a bit like asking "how Nazi is that?". It's not really a common scale.

I am actually trying to get your head around the idea that there is such a thing as a fascist "act". Just because a government engages in in some fascist acts does not indicate that we live in a fascist state. However, what we are seeing is an increase in the number of fascist abuses of authority that indicate that we are on that path.

Do you actually believe that fascism is like light bulb that you turn on or off? No. Indeed just because Mussolini was in power on and off during the 1920's does not mean that Italy in 1929 was a Fascist state. Indeed he led a series of democratically elected minority governments throughout the 1920's. You need to study the history of how these things evolve.

6079_Smith_W

@ Cueball #108

I don't think anyone needs to get his or her head around or study anything, because I think we all see these violent and oppressive acts and make the connections. The only difference (and the point of this thread) is that some of us are questioning the appropriate use of words in describing those acts.

So yes, these acts are clear symptoms of a society on the road to oppression and authoritarianism. I don't think anyone has blinders on about that.

I know there are plenty of people who toss around the word fascist when the landlord stops by, and I don't imagine that will ever stop. But it is good to look at what the word actually means sometimes.

And if I may be allowed a little joke, once again I don't think anyone is going to be changing anyone else's opinion here, and that is not necessarily a bad thing. Insisting that we all think the same..... how fascist is that?

Fidel

I don't think army snipers perched on rooftops in Toronto was funny at all. That was a clear case of government sponsored hypocrisy.

 We'll give you three guesses as to who the pro-democracy demonstrators were and who were the fascists in that scenario, and the first two don't count.

Sean in Ottawa

I commented that there can be more definitions to a word upthread. there is another thing we could consider.

Facism is not the word we are looking for. It is a loaded word, just as Nazi is, but it is an example of the word we are looking for not the word itself. Even if it is a good example-- it is not the generic word.

The fact that we don't use 6079's words oppression, authoritarian, may not be because these are not the best words but because we live in an over the top world where we are so desensitized that we have to find more and more shocking evocative words to describe the same things.

So when I said there are now multiple meanings, this is what I mean. A new generic meaning is being added to the more specific meaning of Facism and this is to produce a word that provides a sense of degrees to the words Authoritarian.

The word Facism is therefore in transition from a specific word that forms an example of a type of authoritarian regime to a generic word for authoritarian regime that includes a sense of degree and connotation more powerful than the word authoritarian itself.

We can each choose to embrace this transition or reject it and ultimately whichever definition survives decades from now will decide who won. In the meantime, as I said there is no clear cut right and wrong here although the word authoritarian may be better in some respects.

An additional semantic problem is the backwards logic used for words like this in transition. Every characteristic of the word Fascist may be taken as a defining characteristic even if that is not the case. Since Fascism was a political idea that took on a number of ugly characteristics we could debate which of these should become the defining ones when we make it a definition that is more general for a behaviour, act or type of authority but since we are dropping the specific definition, its political source, it is open for debate and time will tell, which of these characteristics are notional, coincidental and which are defining to meet the new definition of the word.

Until that process is over-- pretty much everyone is right.

jrootham

But who is useful?

 

Fidel

I think no western country is a standalone fascist nation. Fascism requires international collaboration today as much as the Nazis needed allies and collaborators in the countries they marched into and bombed for humanitarian reasons. Fascist countries are still bombing and invading countries for humanitarian reasons same as Adolf Hitler and the Nazis proclaimed to have done. And Germans really did believe that there were foreign threats to German national security. They were terrible lies then in Nazi Germany as much as they are lies today here in Canada and USA.

The Russian war museums are said to still refer to all western countries as fascist after a number of western attempts to reverse the Russian revolution and to install fascists in China, Spain, and corporatocracy have propped up a madman in Berlin. So what is the situation today?

The situation today is that the so called "North Atlantic" Treaty Org nations are expanding militarily into Eastern Europe and surrounding Russia and China militarily. The fascist nations are right back at it with wanting to rule the world. Military supremacy and military aggression is a hallmark of fascism, and that's what we have today with the head fascist nation threatening other countries militarily, and illegally, same as Hitler and the Nazis and axis countries did in the 1930s and 40s.

Maysie Maysie's picture

Closing for length.

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