Chomsky Warns of Risk of Fascism in America

118 posts / 0 new
Last post
al-Qa'bong
Chomsky Warns of Risk of Fascism in America

Issues Pages: 
al-Qa'bong

Quote:

“Ridiculing the tea party shenanigans is a serious error,” Chomsky said.

Their attitudes “are understandable,” he said. “For over 30 years, real incomes have stagnated or declined. This is in large part the consequence of the decision in the 1970s to financialize the economy.”

There is class resentment, he noted. “The bankers, who are primarily responsible for the crisis, are now reveling in record bonuses while official unemployment is around 10 percent and unemployment in the manufacturing sector is at Depression-era levels,” he said.

And Obama is linked to the bankers, Chomsky explained.

No analogy is perfect, he said, but the echoes of fascism are “reverberating” today, he said.

“These are lessons to keep in mind.”

Cueball Cueball's picture

He's a nice guy generally, and good on reviewing the historical facts for the most part, but a little slow picking up on this trend in America.

NDPP

with a President that can now order the murder of a US citizen, I'd say they're well on their way..

N.Beltov N.Beltov's picture

Chomsky is off on this one. The tea party represents rich, older, white guys and are funded by the usual John Birch Society suspects. There's even been some discussion of this here on babble.

 

Cueball Cueball's picture

The problem is that they appeal to a greater constituency.

The real problem for the left in this regard is the inability of the left to find traction with the real issues that give this kind of thing momentum. Many are "warning" of the impending danger, but no effective means of demobilizing this movement by offering a way through to those more sensible people on the fringes of this movement, who are merely looking for a way through in tough times.

The field of battle for the hearts and minds of the great number of Americans who are increasingly feeling the pinch in tough times seems basically to have been abandoned, while the "liberal" middle class seems to be lost issuing dire warnings and flapping its hands in a desperate search for epiphany in a national Kumbaya moment.

We need more Henry Rollins and less depressing droning out of the Amy Goodman's of the world.

Joey Ramone

Cueball wrote:

We need more Henry Rollins and less depressing droning out of the Amy Goodman's of the world.

I'll second that! Chomsky and Rollins for Pres and VP!  Chomsky has said for years that the timid "left" in the US should abandon their delusion that the Democrats will ever become a left party.  Ordinary people in the US are pissed off at bankers and their political allies in Washington, and they're looking for an organized way to express that anger.  In the absence of any class conscious left party they are drawn to the Tea Baggers who dress up their right wing ideology with just enough populist anti-establishment rhetoric to appeal to pissed off working class folks.

N.Beltov N.Beltov's picture

I've seen a Democratic Senator/Congressman remark on Jon Stewart's show that the tea baggers are leaving Wall Street and the bankers alone in terms of who they're venting their rage against. It's the same old right wing shit. I don't want to sound like a broken record, but from what I understand the tea baggers are getting enormous coverage from gutter media such as Fox News despite the fact that they represent a tiny political percentage - the same, rich, white guys that are always "mad" in a very selective way.

al-Qa'bong

Quote:

The tea party represents rich, older, white guys and are funded by the usual John Birch Society suspects.

 

I dunno; old, rich white guys were pretty strong supporters of Hitler and Mussolini.

Caissa

Maybe they could build on the work of the Vermont Progressive Party

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermont_Progressive_Party

 

Caissa

threa drift/Today is the 121 anniversary of Hitler's birth and the 23rd anniversary of my MA thesis defense./ end thread drift

Fidel

The Tea baggers really are fascists. In the US the tea baggers' message promotes "anti-tax", "property-owning democracy", and even "free enterprise." Remember how well that worked for Thatcher the snatcher and Raygun. Except that they don't say anything about corporate wealth and corporate property, which far exceeds that of most Americans. And rightwingers like Glen Beck are saying that redistribution of wealth is socialism, and even confusing Nazism with Soviet communism to scare Americans. Scaring hell out of Americans has been the way since the 1950's. And there are lots of Americans living in fear today.

Here in Canada we are experiencing fallout from the same neoliberal ideological meltdown. One side says HST is good, and that they need it to fund our social programs. Theyve even gone so far as to suggest that new social programs are in the skunkworks, if only Canadians would accept a tax hike on everything and anything. And they accuse the NDP of being hypocrites for questioning HST and their suggested intentions to spend it on public good. We're up to our necks in Ontario now as it is with Orwellian tax terms like "public benefit" charges on "green" electricity. There is an issue though with who is actually benefiting. Dont believe the HST good doobies. Their way is falling apart, and they just want to look better on paper by next election. There will be no Nordic style social democracy in Canada with levying of HST.

kropotkin1951

N.Beltov wrote:

I've seen a Democratic Senator/Congressman remark on Jon Stewart's show that the tea baggers are leaving Wall Street and the bankers alone in terms of who they're venting their rage against. It's the same old right wing shit. I don't want to sound like a broken record, but from what I understand the tea baggers are getting enormous coverage from gutter media such as Fox News despite the fact that they represent a tiny political percentage - the same, rich, white guys that are always "mad" in a very selective way.

 

i watch Rachel Maddow every once and awhile and they have had some excellent coverage of the Fox news contributions to the teabaggers.  In fact they organized and promoted the ones in hte summer.

Massey CEO Blankenship provided a million dollars to fund the labor day tea parties.  If he had spent the money on ventilation 29 miners would be alive today.  This is who the libertarians are.  Rich white guys who want to hang on to everything they have and get more.

Fidel

Quote:
And Obama is linked to the bankers, Chomsky explained.

So are both bipartisan war parties linked to Wall Street and the military-industrial complex and big pharma, big sugar, big agribusiness, big prison-industrial complex, big time CIA drug dealing, and big time CIA-NATO covert gladio operations. Noam and Canada's Peter Dale Scott are divided on the issue of whether to pursue 9/11 truth, as are the political and ruling class in America. But the truth is that both the two old line parties in America are bought and paid-for by a billionaire oligarchy. There never was much in the way of true democracy.

Americans were easily sand-bagged by the right when it came to communist health care reforms in America. The vast majority of them won't be convinced that socialism for bankers is pro-American. Obama will have no choice but to continue allowing Wall Street parasites to drain the taxpayers of their life's blood for generations. And Obamacrats will have to continue allowing Republicans to be perceived as the ones who will clean up the financial mess - the same ideologically induced financial disaster for which both parties are responsible for making happen. The country is run by warmongering plutocrats and a few fat-cat bankers on Wall Street. I think Hong Kong under British rule with an appointed white governor and a few bankers running things out of the Hong Kong jockey club may have been as democratic as what America has become.

I think Chomsky is being furtive with his comments for a reason. He knows what's happening.

mmphosis
RosaL

I think Chomsky's exaggerating the threat of fascism but anyone who thinks they're going to be able to convince Americans that "socialism (by any name) is a good idea" have another think coming. The revolution will be elsewhere.

(I found the "Amens" from Rev Wright's congregation rather cheering, though!) 

Fidel

RosaL wrote:

I think Chomsky's exaggerating the threat of fascism b...

I dunno. They say that 200 yards from Orwell's old home in England are 32 CCTV cameras watching everyone and everything. In the US we have the NSA and telecoms spying on Americans with technical capabilities that the former East German Stasi never dreamed of possessing. And didn't the Nazis march into sovereign countries uninvited, too?

Which democratically minded person described democracy as the merger of state and corporate power?

N.Beltov N.Beltov's picture

it would be more useful, in any case, for those who believe in an imminent threat of fascism to be uttering calls for unity in common cause against specific, concrete threats, rather than crying "wolf". See The Boy Who Cried Wolf.

Fidel

And there are lots of whistle blowers in the US since 9/11. Lots of US government employees shouting wolf at the top of their lungs since the gladio gang did a do-over of [url=http://911review.com/precedent/century/himmler.html]Operation Himmler[/url] on 9/11/01.

As long as they bomb and invade other countries using false pretexts for war, we Northern Puerto Ricans shouldn't have to worry. We'll just be paying a lot more to heat and electrify our homes in a few years' time is all. We can appease them by not voting NDP, or even sign a super-duper non-aggression pact and call it NAFTA, or something. Anyway, don't worry about it. They surely won't be coming for us as long as we keep the fossil fuel and hydroelectric and natural gas spigots turned wide open. There's no one here but us chickens. DAY O!

 

Kloch

On a practical level, I have a hard time seeing an explicitly fascist government forming in the US.  Part of the reason for my skepticism is that the US military doesn't have much of a history as a political actor in the US.  Also, the tea party movement is skewed significantly towards white people.  I don't know how hispanics, blacks and other minorities would not go along with a white-oriented dictatorship - especially with many minorities in the armed forces.

That said, things could still get worse.  My own prediction would be for even more power invested in the executive to the point where there is an elected dictatorship, which is pretty much in line with what some of the original founders wanted anyways.  A country governed by executive orders.

N.Beltov N.Beltov's picture

Fascism requires scapegoats. In the US, this would be hispanics and blacks.

al-Qa'bong

Quote:

Also, the tea party movement is skewed significantly towards white people.

And Herr Schicklegruber's "Aryan" movement wasn't?

 

I'd stop short of accusing Tea Partyers of being fascist, but there are elements within the movement that are ripe for exploitation by someone who does have more pronounced fascist tendencies.  I think this is the danger that Chomsky is warning us about.

Kloch

N.Beltov wrote:

Fascism requires scapegoats. In the US, this would be hispanics and blacks.

You forgot the obvious one: Muslims.

That being said, not all scapegoating needs to be along ethno-cultural lines.  The Latin American fascists in the 1970s tended towards scapegoating anything perceived as 'Communistic'.  For them, the threat was more existential: music they didn't like, certain books, insulting the military, criticizing the government, demanding better salaries.  In a weird way, having the threat as more nebulous and less specific makes it easier to scare people.

The other issue, as I said, is that significant numbers of blacks and hispanics serve in the military, and in front line roles.  Lots of large urban police forces, and forces in the south, have black members.  Trying to scapegoat ethno-cultural groups who serve as part of the security apparatus would pose logistical problems. 

kropotkin1951

Fascism is not a possibility in America? Try looking at the new law in Arizona and tell me it is not a fascist, racist policy.  If the Governor signs this law that was passed in the state legislature, the term, "show us your papers", will become common place. I love the part that it is up to the police to determine whether by looking at someone they think they might be american or an illegal immigrant. At least there are some hispanic voices speaking out against this totalitarian measure. Cuba is looking more democratic all the time, in comparison to some of its neighbours.

Quote:

One Arizona congressman called for businesses to boycott his own state, and a Catholic cardinal said the state may be encouraging "German Nazi and Russian Communist techniques" as pushback against Arizona's proposed crackdown on illegal immigrants went into high gear Tuesday.

The bill, which would make being an illegal immigrant a state offense and would make it illegal to knowingly transport or hide an illegal immigrant, has become the latest hot-button litmus test in the immigration issue, dividing members of Congress already sparring over whether to pass a bill legalizing illegal immigrants.

Republican Gov. Jan Brewer has not said whether she will sign the state measure into law, but U.S. Rep. Raul M. Grijalva, D-Ariz., said businesses should be prepared to retaliate with a boycott if she does.

"Do not do business with the state," Mr. Grijalva said at a news conference on the Capitol grounds in Washington, adding that a boycott would "give economic consequence to a very bad decision."

Mr. Grijalva said that, if Arizona is able to enact the law without facing consequences, other states will follow suit.

But his call for a boycott shocked Sen. Jon Kyl, R-Ariz.

"That's very helpful. An Arizona congressman calling for folks to boycott his home state?" Mr. Kyl said. "That'll really help job creation. End of comment."

Mr. Kyl on Monday joined with seatmate Sen. John McCain, also an Arizona Republican, to call for Mr. Obama to post 3,000 National Guard troops to the U.S.-Mexico border in Arizona, and both men also said they understand why legislators acted. They pointed to the killing of an Arizona rancher last month and to reports from sheriffs of escalating violence as evidence the border is not secure.

http://www.newsmax.com/InsideCover/Arizonan-Boycott-Immigration-Bill/201...

Slumberjack

Fidel wrote:
Which democratically minded person described democracy as the merger of state and corporate power?

Didn't he end up cooling his heels somewhere?

RosaL

Louis Proyect has an interesting commentary on this [url=http://louisproyect.wordpress.com/2010/04/20/weimar-germany-and-contempo....

RosaL

Kloch wrote:

That being said, not all scapegoating needs to be along ethno-cultural lines.  The Latin American fascists in the 1970s tended towards scapegoating anything perceived as 'Communistic'.  

An important point. And, of course, the German fascists did the same. It's just that the propaganda machine we all live with doesn't talk about this. (It doesn't fit the 'leftist' paradigm currently dominant in America - and that includes Canada - either.)

Fidel

Unlike Weimar, America is actually a democracy experiencing a bit of financial difficulty right now? Come on! Yes inflation was far worse in Weimar due to the fact that western powers were occupying the industrial heartland of the Rhine, and they couldn't manufacture or export anything to pay the bills.

The closest thing I can think of paralleling that in America is that capitalists have offshored so many manufacturing and jobs and sabotaged the productive labour economy in the US that today, and just like Weimar Republic, the US can't pay it's bills! The time for bubble capitalism driven by asset price inflation is coming to an end. Now comes debt deflation. The same people who helped Russian oligarchs pauperize tens of millions of Russians in the 1990s are about to do the same to America over the next decade. And they might even invade a few more countries along the way. A mild case of fascism? Hell no. It's actually far worse. It's hyper-imperialism!

adma

Kloch wrote:

N.Beltov wrote:

Fascism requires scapegoats. In the US, this would be hispanics and blacks.

You forgot the obvious one: Muslims.

And you forgot yet another obvious one: educated-class "liberals".

ceti ceti's picture

Fascism is a response to the crisis of capitalism. The tea party movement and agents like Glenn Beck are preemptively trying to steer the US population away from real antidotes to capitalism by effectively labeling the Wall Street heist and its enablers in the Obama Administration as Socialists. Beck was even on the air making the case that America is afflicted with a cancer called "progressivism". When such views are been expoused by the mouthpiece of the corporate media, you know they are serious about their propaganda effort. 

So obviously the US won't look like Nazi Germany or even Fascist Italy as the forms of popular organization are entirely different, but the same strains are there. To discount this is to miss some ominous warning signs.

Fidel

Some say that Nazi Germany was the first to implement Keynesian-militarism last century. If that's true, then the Yanks perfected it.

And after WW II, they essentially reconstructed Himmler's SS to spy on our allies, the Soviets and orchestrate acts of terrorism both sides of the East-West line. And North American countries provided sanctuary for thousands of fascist war criminals. A number of high ranking Nazis were provided with good jobs and later collected US and Canadian pensions under their real names. In Italy the answer to communist political opposition was referred to as [url=http://www.globalresearch.ca/index.php?context=va&aid=9556]Gladio[/url].

Quote:
"From 1945 to the end of the century, the United States attempted to overthrow more than 40 foreign governments, and to crush more than 30 populist movements fighting against insufferable regimes. In the process, the US bombed about 25 countries, caused the end of life for several million people, and condemned many millions more to a life of agony and despair." - William Blum

And this is but [url=http://www.atlanticfreepress.com/news/1-/12989-william-blum-the-united-s... example of the agony and despair[/url] caused by our modern day Nazi league war criminals and largest trade benefactors. May their blood scream for all eternity. God damn them.

 

Cueball Cueball's picture

Some may say that but the German economy did not really become a fully mobilized centrally planned capitalist economy until 1943. Prior to that, even in the midst of the war, it seems to have been a point of pride for Adolph Hitler that the German domestic economy would not be affected by the ongoing war, and it was only after things began to sour in the Soviet Union that they pulled out the stops. Many people, Albert Speer among them, hypothesize that had the German military economy been fully "Keynesianized" earlier, their fortunes would have been better -- Speer claims that if the reforms he implimented in 1942/43 started earlier, they could have gone into the attack on the Soviet Union with twice the amount of armoured vehicles as they did historically.

Even in 1941, there was only a 20% reduction of domestic consumer goods production from peace time norms, and in late 1941, Hitler actually ordered that planned expansion of the war economy should be reduced, probably based on the assumption that the campaign in the Soviet Union was all but concluded as another victory.

This link shows how German tank production in 1943 exceeds the entire number of tanks produced between 1939 and the end of 1942.

In other words its hightly debatable that Germany invented "Keynesian-militarism". Really that title probably belongs to the Soviet Union, and then second the United States.

Kloch

adma wrote:

Kloch wrote:

N.Beltov wrote:

Fascism requires scapegoats. In the US, this would be hispanics and blacks.

You forgot the obvious one: Muslims.

And you forgot yet another obvious one: educated-class "liberals".

I didn't specifically mention that, though I did note that scapegoating doesn't have to be along ethno-cultural lines, and provided some examples that could be construed as being part of the educated-class.

Fidel

Cueball wrote:
In other words its hightly debatable that Germany invented "Keynesian-militarism". Really that title probably belongs to the Soviet Union, and then second the United States.

Wikipedia mentions only two countries wrt Keynesian-militarism, Hitler's Germany and the United States.

Tony Cliff did describe the former USSR as a state-capitalist economy. But that's highly debatable. The profit motive was largely absent from Soviet economy between the 1920's and perestroika. Contrary to Tony Cliff's description of state-capitalism in the former USSR,  the Soviet economy did not operate on the state-capitalist basis of supply and demand. Therefore, Keynesian-militarism was not possible in the Soviet Union. Profit margins of anywhere from 300% to 1000% that exist among warfiteering industries here in the western world today were not possible in the FSU. Profiteering was considered illegal in the FSU.

Keynes was a critic of laissez-faire capitalism and is credited with saving capitalism from itself using some Marxian principles. But profiteering in Hitler's Germany existed and especially so in US warfiteering industries today where Keynesian-militarism thrives at the expense of social democracy within a state-capitalist economy.

Cueball Cueball's picture

I guess I should go edit that wiki article then. Smile It is wrong. There isn't even a lot of evidence that German pre-war production was exceptional. It was viewed as a "build up" by the Western Allies primarily because it contravened the Versaille Treaty. Versaille was designed to supress German military spending, below what it traditionally spent. Germany was not spending in-ordinate amounts on the military in terms of its budget above and beyond what it might have spent before WWI, however returning its military spending to traditional levels, put it in contravention of the treaty.

For example, there was no German aircraft industry prior to 1937, unlike the other industrialized powers, because of the Versaille treaty restrictions. They were producing something along the lines of 100 civilian aircraft a year. A good deal of German investment was directed at building up basic infrastructure to support future military production.

Fidel

Here's a good one on Keynesian-militarism: [url=http://www.historycooperative.org/journals/llt/51/pauwels.html]Profits über Alles! American Corporations and Hitler[/url] The Bush family of warfiteers began with Samuel P. Bush and the US war industry board. The US economy is largely based on war, and with profit margins of anywhere from 300%-1000%, those jackals in the military-industrial complex will continue dreaming of liquid war and state-sponsored terrorism.

Gabriel Sinduda

That's a good article worth reading, as you say Fidel it puts the whole lineage in perspective.

As for the banks...

Isn't it time to impose a tax on banks, say 1%, for return to government spending. In the UK it's rolling (see Robin Hood Tax) and somehow it's even twisted into an IMF proposal, recently vetoed by Flaherty:
http://www.thestar.com/business/bank/article/798599--flaherty-no-bank-tax-for-canada?bn=1

This is a no-brainer. Even the general conservatives would agree that the banks can afford a small levy, given their absurd quarterly returns:
http://www.thestar.com/business/article/777210--canada-s-5-biggest-banks-earn-5-09b-in-first-quarter

Just a thought.

Aristotleded24
Fidel

Thanks Gabriel. You might also be interested in Canadian William Krehm's essay: [url=http://www.comer.org/2006/bisz.htm]A Deeper Look at the Bank for International Settlements[/url] The BIS and democracy are incompatible

[url=http://www.tenc.net/analysis/ibm.htm]IBM helped automate the death machine in Poland[/url] Efficiency equals profits, especially when it came to accounting for hours of slave labour to charge one another for services and products rendered. IBM's punch cards allowed for various efficient cross tabulations, census taking, calculation of "Jews per square metre" before, during and after deportation to the death factories, mortality rates etc.

kropotkin1951

Aristotleded24 wrote:

[url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wAV87X5keQ0]14 signs of fascism[/url]

Apparently we are falling into a common trap of people caught in early stage fascist regimes.  We are the good people and we have to adopt these measures to fight evil. Ergo even though it looks and walks like a duck it is actually a democracy of the people and for the people.  If we don't protect our way of live then the evil ones will win.

Fotheringay-Phipps

Cueball said: "For example, there was no German aircraft industry prior to 1937, unlike the other industrialized powers, because of the Versaille treaty restrictions." So I guess the Germans must have hired FedEx to deliver those bombs to Guernica in April 1937.

Fidel

[url=http://globalresearch.ca/index.php?context=va&aid=18830]An Act Of War: The US Congress is Actively Pushing for War on Iran[/url]

I think Lawrence Britt should add to number four on the list of defining characteristics  of fascism:

 #4.2  Threatening sovereign countries with and carrying through on threats for medieval siege and naked military aggression.

Note: The likelihood for fascism becomes noticeably higher after the air force bombs 26 countries or so inside of 50 years.

and #4.3  Candidate nation  is suspected of orchestrating false flag terrorism at least twice and used to justify military aggression both times.

Fidel

[url=http://globalresearch.ca/index.php?context=va&aid=18687]VIDEO: "Nuclear Terrorism": Al Qaeda is an Upcoming Nuclear Power according to president Obama[/url] The US is the most dangerous threat to global security

Quote:
Obama is masking the real issues over nuclear weapons by presenting the idea that nuclear terrorism is a major threat, shared Michel Chossudovsky, Director of the Canadian Centre for Research on Globalization.

“What is disturbing about this summit in Washington is the fact that the real threat to global security is nuclear war between countries. It is not Al-Qaeda which in any event is an intelligence asset of the CIA, which is the threat, ”Chossudovsky acknowledged. “It is an elusive network of organizations. The real threat is the threat of nuclear war and particularly the threat of a nuclear attack by the United States and Israel directed against Iran.

N.Beltov N.Beltov's picture

Further to that ...

William Ramsey Clark, former Attorney General of the US wrote:
The greatest crime since World War II has been US foreign policy.

When their own (former) officials make such statements, only the most sycophantic US regime bootlickers can fail to treat such remarks with the seriousness that they deserve.

 

al-Qa'bong

Quote:

William Ramsey Clark, former Attorney General of the US wrote:The greatest crime since World War II has been US foreign policy.

 

While he may be correct, there isn't much point in saying that US foreign policy is driven by fascism. Good old imperialism of the US kind has been the foreign policy of countries since the time of the Pharoahs.

N.Beltov N.Beltov's picture

Yea, OK, I wasn't making the claim that the current (or all post WW2) US regime is fascist. I was just re-inforcing Fidel's claim in the previous post.

Fidel

al-Qa'bong wrote:
Quote:
William Ramsey Clark, former Attorney General of the US wrote:The greatest crime since World War II has been US foreign policy.

While he may be correct, there isn't much point in saying that US foreign policy is driven by fascism. Good old imperialism of the US kind has been the foreign policy of countries since the time of the Pharoahs.

But good old anything implies some kind of benevolent force is at work. Is the US a benevolent global force in the world? Have they provided material gains to the rest of the world on a level with Roman plumbing or Grecian democracy? Would the rest of the world suffer if the USA suddenly gave up on being a vicious empire? I'm not calling anyone a crypto-fascist in this thread. But as Naomi Klein said, at what point do we begin to consider that all of the bad foreign policies and "mistakes" over the last 50 years are not really mistakes at all? An adviser to dubya's government apparently said to a reporter that they're an empire now and creating history as they see fit along the way. We certainly can't suggest that what they are promoting around the world is democracy and human rights. Since the end of the cold war, we realize now which country was obsessed with world domination all along.

al-Qa'bong

Quote:

But good old anything implies some kind of benevolent force is at work.

You never have been very good at picking up on irony around here; why start now?

kropotkin1951

Gee I didn't even think the Roman empire was a "good" thing for the world.  But I guess it depends on whose history you read.

Fidel

What the very fascist America has done since WW II is to make bombing and invasion of countries nearly obsolete by way of globalization of marauding capital. And when this country or that refuses to be controlled by a western banking elite, the very obsolete NATO siege machine is unleashed and fascist bombing begins, but not before a thorough attempt at Balkanizing the targeted country is made in creating generally chaotic economic and social conditions first and foremost.

I think that if democracy was to advance to a point where it should be, the UN would be democratized, and various countries including Canada would not be supporting countries like the USA with no-strings attached trade and mostly benefiting corporations and the rich. No country would act unilaterally to impose sanctions on any other country and interfering politically without democratic consensus. Iow's, stoogeocracies like the ones we've had in Ottawa long time would be made obsolete.

al-Qa'bong

kropotkin1951 wrote:

Gee I didn't even think the Roman empire was a "good" thing for the world.  But I guess it depends on whose history you read.

What have the Romans ever done for us?

Pages

Topic locked