The Soviet Union Versus Socialism by Noam Chomsky

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Red_and_Black Red_and_Black's picture
The Soviet Union Versus Socialism by Noam Chomsky

http://www.chomsky.info/articles/1986----.htm

 

I'd like to know some thoughts that people have on this article by famous anarchist/linguist/activist Noam Comsky.

 

"The Soviet leadership thus portrays itself as socialist to protect its right to wield the club, and Western ideologists adopt the same pretense in order to forestall the threat of a more free and just society. This joint attack on socialism has been highly effective in undermining it in the modern period."

 

"Failure to understand the intense hostility to socialism on the part of the Leninist intelligentsia (with roots in Marx, no doubt), and corresponding misunderstanding of the Leninist model, has had a devastating impact on the struggle for a more decent society and a livable world in the West, and not only there. It is necessary to find a way to save the socialist ideal from its enemies in both of the world's major centres of power, from those who will always seek to be the State priests and social managers, destroying freedom in the name of liberation".

Issues Pages: 
George Victor

Copuldn't you find something a bit more dated...? 

Chomsky's 2003 work, Hegemony or Survival: America's quest for Global Dominance, really a cautionary work with the appearance of George Bush on the scene, shows us just how rapid the pace of change.

There have been other depevelopments since.

Red_and_Black Red_and_Black's picture

George Victor wrote:

Copuldn't you find something a bit more dated...? 

Chomsky's 2003 work, Hegemony or Survival: America's quest for Global Dominance, really a cautionary work with the appearance of George Bush on the scene, shows us just how rapid the pace of change.

There have been other depevelopments since.

Haha yes, I have read it and enjoyed it thoroughly. I have also read his older stuff (actually, I've read stuff alot older than this 1986 article). What is wrong with reading things that aren't recent? People still read Proudhon's "What is Property?" and Marx's "Communist Manifesto", correct?

Anyways, I particularly liked this artice and I just wanted to generate some discussion on it.

George Victor

Guess I only read Chomsky to understand how we are being had.   The Communist Manifesto speaks of chains, while almost all workers hereabouts depend on the market for their future salvation in old age...coupon clippers as it were.  :)  (The unlucky ones have to depend on the scant offerings of the state, developed in the past half-century.)      It is interesting to see what historical periods we have gone through, what phases socialism has passed by.  But I find people seriously using the language from previous epochs in serious political exchanges, never reading modern political economic tracts, nor even the business pages.  Whatever happened to relevancy?

Red_and_Black Red_and_Black's picture

Relevancy is certainly very important, but that doesn't mean that we should forget the lessons of the past either.

Anyways, this article is actually still quite relevant to modern socialists because it analyzes one of the major factors which impedes change away from a capitalist system: the idea that the Soviet Union is synonymous with socialism.

Joey Ramone

I completely agree with Chomsky on this point and it's still relevant as there are still corrupt dictatorships hypocritically describing themselves as "socialist".

al-Qa'bong

It's amazing how easlily the capitalist running-dog lackeys of the system revert to such comparisons.  I recall a conversation about Roy Romanov's NDP government with a Saskatchewan Liberal who suddenly started talking about the Soviet Union's policies, as if the Saskatchewan legislature and the Politburo were identical.

How do they get away with that?  It isn't as if we try to slip in parallels between Stevie-boy Harper and Mussolini whenever the subject of right-wing politics arises.

emjayvan

Chomsky's remarks seem entirely relevant today. How many times is the Soviet Union (or China) used as an example by right-wingers that socialism is anti-democratic and evil?

It's sad but true. Left-wing dictatorships use socialism as a way to gain prestige, which at the same time allows reactionary elements in the West to use socialism in a pejorative sense.

George Victor

Just as long as we do not continue to use language from the past ourselves and confirm (for some) that the old associations are still apt.

George Victor

And do you write from Ireland, R and B, or is that a sentimental attachment to the old sod?

Red_and_Black Red_and_Black's picture

George Victor wrote:

And do you write from Ireland, R and B, or is that a sentimental attachment to the old sod?

It would be the latter

George Victor

Worked in the northern bush with a fellow from New Brunswick whose great-grandrather had survived the famine by leaving home.  His descendant retained the hatred instilled in the family by that survivor, and sent contributions to the Sinn Fein on a regular basis, when he really should have used the money to have his teeth replaced by dentures.

He would never have accepted the idea of a socialist Republican north...or south. 

Another fellow on that same engineering crew was a member of the Irish candy family, Geary. He had just dome over.  He never discussed politics.  And at the time (1960) the troubles had not reached the levels of the next decade. 

What do you think of a movement to save the Irish from the international investment community.  What can they hope to manufacture and export in the age of the East's rise to digital supremacy? (See what I mean about interest in relevancy?)

Red_and_Black Red_and_Black's picture

Well George, I certainly do appreciate the interest in relevancy Cool

I find your story about your friend from New Brunswick confusing. If he was donating money to Sinn Fein, what was his objection to Sinn Fein's two main platforms: republicanism and democratic socialism?

As for your questions about foreign investment, I must admit that it seems to be a little over my head. Such topics are not my strength and I would be glad to give you my opinion on them if you elaborated a bit further.

Joey Ramone

emjayvan wrote:

It's sad but true. Left-wing dictatorships use socialism as a way to gain prestige, which at the same time allows reactionary elements in the West to use socialism in a pejorative sense.

That kind of stuff is all predictable and even understandable from the point of view of both the corrupt dictators who call themselves "socialist" and the anti-socialist who benefit from calling those regimes "socialist".  What is truly sad is that there are those in Canada (and posting on Rabble) who call themselves socialists and refuse to condemn the corrupt dictators.  They even attack those of us who denounce the hyprocrites.  I have been red-baited and slandered by a regular poster on Rabble, who does so with no reaction at all from the mods, in threads about the anti-socialist dictatorships of N. Korea and China.  Apparently as long as a regime calls itself "socialist", it is to be defended, no matter how absurd the "socialist" claim is.

al-Qa'bong

Beware of all orthodoxies.

I just read a passage in Thomas Pynchon's introduction to Nineteen Eighty-Four where he quotes Orwell, who wrote in 1948:

"nearly the whole of the English Left has been driven to accept the Russian regime as "Socialist", while silently recognising that its spirit and practice are quite alien to anything that is meant by "Socialism" in this country.  Hence there has arisen a sort of schizophrenic manner of thinking, in which words like "democracy" can bear two irreconcilable meanings, and such things as concentration camps and mass deportations can be right and wrong simultaneously."

 

 

Erik Redburn

Very good.  I guess I should say that "radical" is fine by me, and socialist is good, radical looks at new ideas and modes and changing dynamics, socialism is egalitarian at heart, and ideas once considered "radical socialist idealism" may now be taken as the norm.  Orthodoxies are just backward looking, conservative, hierarchical and usually authoritarian, no matter which grand value systems they say only they embody.  IMO accepting Soviet and Chinese communism as "socialist" allowed Yanqui corporatists to make themselves out as "the defenders of freedom" and damaged genuine socialism everywhere.   It did force them to funnel some of the public's money back to the public though; avoid a revolution closer to home.  Enough from me today. 

Fidel

Noam Chomsky, 1987 wrote:
As for the world's second major propaganda system, association of socialism with the Soviet Union and its clients serves as a powerful ideological weapon to enforce conformity and obedience to the State capitalist institutions, to ensure that the necessity to rent oneself to the owners and managers of these institutions will be regarded as virtually a natural law, the only alternative to the 'socialist' dungeon.

I tend to agree and disagree. I disagree that the Soviet economies were state capitalist. They were state socialist with much of the heavy industries and mode of production similar to state capitalist industries of those eras. But for there to be a capitalist economy it is generally accepted that the profit motive is what drives capitalism. Private profiteering was illegal in the former Soviet Union.

Another key issue here is private property. Capitalists and multinational corporations have John Locke to thank for private property law, which they have expanded into something that neither John Locke nor even Adam Smith would recognize today as being fair or reflecting the interests of society.  In the FSU, private property was minimal next to non-existent compared to exclusive private property laws enjoyed by the billionaire elite in western capitalist society.

Two key ingredients of capitalism were largely non-existent in the former Soviet Union.

Erik Redburn

I've suffered the same Joey, its just another part of the gauntlet here.  Before you arrived advocates of particular forms of "socialism" succesfully sold themselves as the permanent victims here, and others weren't even allowed to refer to them by any other name, even when they were the ones doing the baiting.   Partly the fault of a couple genuinely anti-socialist "progressives" here rising to the bait too fervently.  That's the history as I saw it.

Red_and_Black Red_and_Black's picture

Fidel wrote:

Noam Chomsky, 1987 wrote:
As for the world's second major propaganda system, association of socialism with the Soviet Union and its clients serves as a powerful ideological weapon to enforce conformity and obedience to the State capitalist institutions, to ensure that the necessity to rent oneself to the owners and managers of these institutions will be regarded as virtually a natural law, the only alternative to the 'socialist' dungeon.

I tend to agree and disagree. I disagree that the Soviet economies were state capitalist. They were state socialist with much of the heavy industries and mode of production similar to state capitalist industries of those eras. But for there to be a capitalist economy it is generally accepted that the profit motive is what drives capitalism. Private profiteering was illegal in the former Soviet Union.

Another key issue here is private property. Capitalists and multinational corporations have John Locke to thank for private property law, which they have expanded into something that neither John Locke nor even Adam Smith would recognize today as being fair or reflecting the interests of society.  In the FSU, private property was minimal next to non-existent compared to exclusive private property laws enjoyed by the billionaire elite in western capitalist society.

Two key ingredients of capitalism were largely non-existent in the former Soviet Union.

Your disagreement seems to be highly dependant on semantics - that is, ones definition of capitalist. Chomsky is merely working off of a different definition than you are, which is the cause for the confusion. He uses capitalism in the sense of private control over the means of production, and under that definition, the USSR was capitalist. When the state is not controlled by the poeple, it is private. But yes, I understand your point, which is why it is always important to define ones semantics.

Fidel

Banking is another point of contention. In the USSR there was GOSBank which paid the wages of the country, and provided the money for investment in infrastructure until the mid-1970s when aspiring state capitalists within the former government and nomenklatura decided that they would pursue a state capitalist economy eventually, and in doing so, catering to their own personal interests during perestroika years of unprecedented corruption with theft of valuable public assets and state industries. Personal savings in the FSU were wiped out during reforms toward a state capitalist economy in the 1990s.

They are more state capitalist in Russia and former comecon trading countries today than at any time during the history of the USSR. They have increasingly pursued exclusive private property rights since 1991,  and the profit motive is not relegated to just black markets anymore. Higher education and health care are no longer provided free of charge by the state.

State socialism wasn't very sexy according to a well funded propaganda machine here in the west, Radio Free Europe, Radio Marti etc. Russians and Soviet citizens were under the impression that all North Americans were rich and living the American dream. After 1991, they discovered that wasn't true. In fact, the whole world has been fed terrible lies regarding a lifestyle of middle class capitalism based on consumption. Scientists are essentially saying today that we cannot globalize "this" what we have aspired to here in North America. To globalize this would mean stripping the earth's resources bare in nothing flat and choking on the pollution.

George Victor

Red_and_Black wrote:

Well George, I certainly do appreciate the interest in relevancy Cool

I find your story about your friend from New Brunswick confusing. If he was donating money to Sinn Fein, what was his objection to Sinn Fein's two main platforms: republicanism and democratic socialism?

As for your questions about foreign investment, I must admit that it seems to be a little over my head. Such topics are not my strength and I would be glad to give you my opinion on them if you elaborated a bit further.

Right...Chomsky is right on about state capitalism in the Soviet Union...and now in China.  And my friend in the bush was bushed (did not understand what was at work in Eire...just knew it was agin  the Brits).

Ireland has become one of the PIIGS in debt, and this was because of a hyper economy dependent on investments from Europe in the digital industries. You will recall the standard (and cost) of living leapt forward in the 90s.  It is now facing severe correctives along with Portugal, Italy, Spain, and of course, Greece. This is because the finance capital industry, which let all down, beginning in 2007, had manufactured a bubble and depended on sleaziness throughout the banking/investment industry. 

It seems to me that socialists should be aware of this threat...another bubble will be  built as soon as (if) credit can be re-established and liquidity assured for the finance sector still in trouble in several countries. Shouldn't the workers know what is going on?  Why would their leadership not be there to caution them against becoming too credit dependent themselves? As I said earlier, it's not a matter  of throwing off chains today as much as developing the bullshit sensors. Reading the business pages.

Red_and_Black Red_and_Black's picture

George Victor wrote:

Red_and_Black wrote:

Well George, I certainly do appreciate the interest in relevancy Cool

I find your story about your friend from New Brunswick confusing. If he was donating money to Sinn Fein, what was his objection to Sinn Fein's two main platforms: republicanism and democratic socialism?

As for your questions about foreign investment, I must admit that it seems to be a little over my head. Such topics are not my strength and I would be glad to give you my opinion on them if you elaborated a bit further.

Right...Chomsky is right on about state capitalism in the Soviet Union...and now in China.  And my friend in the bush was bushed (did not understand what was at work in Eire...just knew it was agin  the Brits).

Ireland has become one of the PIIGS in debt, and this was because of a hyper economy dependent on investments from Europe in the digital industries. You will recall the standard (and cost) of living leapt forward in the 90s.  It is now facing severe correctives along with Portugal, Italy, Spain, and of course, Greece. This is because the finance capital industry, which let all down, beginning in 2007, had manufactured a bubble and depended on sleaziness throughout the banking/investment industry. 

It seems to me that socialists should be aware of this threat...another bubble will be  built as soon as (if) credit can be re-established and liquidity assured for the finance sector still in trouble in several countries. Shouldn't the workers know what is going on?  Why would their leadership not be there to caution them against becoming too credit dependent themselves? As I said earlier, it's not a matter  of throwing off chains today as much as developing the bullshit sensors. Reading the business pages.

Ah, I see what your driving at now. You are referring to reversing the conditions which lead to the Celtic Tiger, brought on by low corporate tax rates, yes? What you seem to be suggesting (at least the way it seems to me, please correct me if I am wrong) is that old Erin trend itself away from the traps of the financial sector and foreign investment, and instead build a more production based economy from the ground up. If that is what you are advocating, then I would certainly be in favour of it. If not, please correct me on where I misunderstood and I will reassess.

George Victor

The cloud of "ignorance" that you said you suffered from on the subject of foreign investment is clearing like the morning mist. 

Now, read my last paragraph again and tell my about the learned Irish worker. Chomsky doesn't really expect the worker to read him, and yet I don't know how the worker is going to find out about threats to his future if he doesn't engage. You are talking about "old Erin", and I'm trying to introduce old Erin's workers need to understand what's hit them.  Seems to me that that is what today's socialists should be concerned about.  That and keeping up with some workers' understanding of the market and their investments.

Chomsky was rightly concerned about the common view of "socialism" on the eve of the Soviet collapse.  But I thiink that since everyone now understands the market's "triumph" as well as the Achilles heel of greed, post 2009, it can be argued that socialism's apparent antipathy to economic questions is seen as a barrier to job growth...not an irrelevant question for workers. And hence the need for socialists to pay attention to corporate health and competitiveness.

 

Red_and_Black Red_and_Black's picture

George Victor wrote:

The cloud of "ignorance" that you said you suffered from on the subject of foreign investment is clearing like the morning mist. 

Now, read my last paragraph again and tell my about the learned Irish worker. Chomsky doesn't really expect the worker to read him, and yet I don't know how the worker is going to find out about threats to his future if he doesn't engage. You are talking about "old Erin", and I'm trying to introduce old Erin's workers need to understand what's hit them.  Seems to me that that is what today's socialists should be concerned about.  That and keeping up with some workers' understanding of the market and their investments.

Chomsky was rightly concerned about the common view of "socialism" on the eve of the Soviet collapse.  But I thiink that since everyone now understands the market's "triumph" as well as the Achilles heel of greed, post 2009, it can be argued that socialism's apparent antipathy to economic questions is seen as a barrier to job growth...not an irrelevant question for workers. And hence the need for socialists to pay attention to corporate health and competitiveness.

Agreed. It is important not to get caught up in dogma. But relevancy is not necessarily time-dependant; some things stand the test of time very well. Like I said before, the idea that socialism is inherantly authoritarian is a huge impedence, and Chomsky's article continues to shed light on the subject just as clearly as it did when it was written.

As for the Irish worker, it seems obvious that the only way to solve the problem is through education. A compelling case must be made to them that socialism will improve their quality of life.

George Victor

And that "education" is something they've been avoiding like the plague for decades now.

Don't you have to say what the curriculum should consist of?  And shouldn't the faculty be prepared to enter the worker's world of the 21 st century, post financial collapse and bailout by the state?  Hell, the Tea Party understands that.

Erik Redburn

Oh christ, please stop speaking so condescendingly of which you know so little George.  Not just about "the left" in general, but because you still haven't made the small intellectual leap into the active role that "healthy corporate" bottomlines play in keeping the rest of us unhealthy.  Yes, changing economic circumstances won't be easy or risk free or a bee line into eternal bliss.  But not changing them is tantamount to collective suicide. 

Red_and_Black Red_and_Black's picture

George Victor wrote:

And that "education" is something they've been avoiding like the plague for decades now.

Don't you have to say what the curriculum should consist of?  And shouldn't the faculty be prepared to enter the worker's world of the 21 st century, post financial collapse and bailout by the state?  Hell, the Tea Party understands that.

Yes, it seems that we agree thus far. Pushing for change is certainly a very dynamic thing, with some things changing, others staying relatively the same. Ultimately, the key is adaptation. But what EXACTLY are you proposing here? So far, you've made clear that you feel that general socialist strategy has to change. But to what specifically?

Erik Redburn

Status quo pretensions.  The next pension cheque.  Oh you'll learn soon enough. 

Red_and_Black Red_and_Black's picture

Erik Redburn wrote:

Oh christ, please stop speaking so condescendingly of which you know so little George.  Not just about "the left" in general, but because you still haven't made the small intellectual leap into the active role that "healthy corporate" bottomlines play in keeping the rest of us unhealthy.  Yes, changing economic circumstances won't be easy or risk free or a bee line into eternal bliss.  But not changing them is tantamount to collective suicide. 

Unless you've had this conversation with George before, then I feel that this comment is a little off base. At least let him specify (again, if he hasn't done so before) exactly what he is proposing before you jump all over him. Hear him out, then you can (and if you disagree, SHOULD) argue to your heart's content.

Erik Redburn

It is rude of me but then I have 'heard him out' many a time before and it always comes back to the same old same old.  But feel free to learn from the master himself. 

Red_and_Black Red_and_Black's picture

Erik Redburn wrote:

It is rude of me but then I have 'heard him out' many a time before and it always comes back to the same old same old.  But feel free to learn from the master himself. 

Okay, as long as you've given him his fair shot. I'll listen to him with an open mind anyways as I prefer not to have other people's opinions filtered for me.

George Victor

Red_and_Black wrote:

George Victor wrote:

And that "education" is something they've been avoiding like the plague for decades now.

Don't you have to say what the curriculum should consist of?  And shouldn't the faculty be prepared to enter the worker's world of the 21 st century, post financial collapse and bailout by the state?  Hell, the Tea Party understands that.

Yes, it seems that we agree thus far. Pushing for change is certainly a very dynamic thing, with some things changing, others staying relatively the same. Ultimately, the key is adaptation. But what EXACTLY are you proposing here? So far, you've made clear that you feel that general socialist strategy has to change. But to what specifically?

 

With vetting approval from Erik the Red (sidekick of Leif the Lucky), here's a posting, just this morning, by thanks, over in the World Financial Crisis thread, which nicely explains where the Irish workers' savings have been gong:

"Increasing capital reserve requirements for bankers is often cited as a useful step by progressives.  Bankers have been able in the past to have only a dollar in their account for every thirty dollars they loan out.  The basic practice earlier was one dollar for every nine dollars loaned out, but derivatives trading has ballooned the nine to thirty-plus.  This is how money is created from thin air. 

The idea is to require banks to hold more dollars in their accounts so that they aren't allowed to balloon markets outrageously which then crash."

 

Seems to me, the Irish socialist and labour leader should be leading the movement for banking reform...rather than, say, burning the banks. Probably build more worker confidence in the leadership and in the fate of their savings. Right? (And sorry for the same old, same old, Erik. Welcome back by the way).

Jacob Richter

Erik Redburn wrote:
I've suffered the same Joey, its just another part of the gauntlet here.  Before you arrived advocates of particular forms of "socialism" succesfully sold themselves as the permanent victims here, and others weren't even allowed to refer to them by any other name, even when they were the ones doing the baiting.   Partly the fault of a couple genuinely anti-socialist "progressives" here rising to the bait too fervently.  That's the history as I saw it.

You're back!  It's been a while!

Erik Redburn wrote:
Very good.  I guess I should say that "radical" is fine by me, and socialist is good, radical looks at new ideas and modes and changing dynamics, socialism is egalitarian at heart, and ideas once considered "radical socialist idealism" may now be taken as the norm.  Orthodoxies are just backward looking, conservative, hierarchical and usually authoritarian, no matter which grand value systems they say only they embody.  IMO accepting Soviet and Chinese communism as "socialist" allowed Yanqui corporatists to make themselves out as "the defenders of freedom" and damaged genuine socialism everywhere.   It did force them to funnel some of the public's money back to the public though; avoid a revolution closer to home.  Enough from me today. 

I'd say "participatory socialism" is better.  It is meant to be a denunciation of parliamentary cretinism masked as "democratic socialism."  It is also meant to be a denunciation of minoritarian fetishes masked as "revolutionary socialism."

Red_and_Black Red_and_Black's picture

I would argue that, while what you propose is certainly better than what currently exists, as well as better than burning the banks, I would prefer to see banks be replaced altogether by providing viable, non-exploitative alternatives. Namely, credit unions. But certainly, the steps which you promote would seem to be wise in terms of solving some of the problems which the financial crisis have pressed upn the worker (at this point, our conversation seems to me to be more broad than simply that of Ireland, so I see no need to continue treating it as such, if thats alright with you)

George Victor

Surely. I've a much greater familiarity with Canadian labour history than Ireland's, but Erin go Bragh in the meantime.

Pants-of-dog

To steer the conversation away from the bank issue, I think the rise of non-authoritarian and leftist governments in Latin America, such as Ecuador and Bolivia are creating examples of how socialism can work without imposing a dictatorship.

 

This would have happened thrity years ago if the CIA hadn't stomped on Allende. A democratically elected socialist government ruling by the will of the people. The USA killed it because it threatened their hegemony. The Soviets didn't support it because they couldn't control it, as it wasn't built along authoritarian lines.

Red_and_Black Red_and_Black's picture

Very true POD, an excellent point to bring up. But don't forget that there were other things at play in American involvement in Latin America. Aside from simply trying to destroy the socialist governments such as the Sandinistas, etc, for their propaganda purposes, they also needed to maintain their own exploitative economic interests in the reason. US business was and is very involved in alot of Latin American export such as sugar and fruit.

Fidel

[url=http://www.chomsky.info/onchomsky/20020815.htm]Noam Chomsky and His Critics[/url] 2002

Quote:
Despite his animosity toward the USSR, he is even-handed about its place in history. In contrast to European and American imperialism, the Soviet Union appeared to operate on principles other than profit. During the period of Soviet "exploitation" of Eastern Europe, the satellite countries actually had a higher standard of living than the mother country. This was the result of a huge subsidy, amounting to $80 billion in the 1970s.

For Chomsky, the collapse of the Soviet Union did not usher in the emancipation of humanity. Instead, without the USSR as a counter-balance, imperialism has been able to step up the level of exploitation in the third world, including Nicaragua where the Sandinista revolution had been toppled:

It is only fair to add that the wonders of the free market have opened alternatives, not only for rich landowners, speculators, corporations and other privileged sectors, but even for the starving children who press their faces against car windows at street corners at night, pleading for a few cents to survive. Describing the miserable plight of Managua's street children David Werner, the author of "Where There is No Doctor" and other books on health and society, writes that "marketing shoe cement to children has become a lucrative business," and imports from multinational suppliers are rising nicely as "shopkeepers in depressed communities do a thriving business with weekly refills of the children's little bottles" for glue-sniffing said to "take away hunger." The miracle of the market is again at work, though Nicaraguans still have much to learn.

As Canada's Linda McQuaig observed, there are even markets in racial slurs.

Yes, countries like Cuba and VietNam were on the receiving end of trade with the Soviets as were a number of countries. Neutral Finland bartered manufactured goods for natural resources. Humanitarian aid from the Soviets was all that Cambodia enjoyed after the US and Chinese backed Khmer Rouge were routed by the NVA. Soviet aid to Cambodia continued up to 1988-89 or so. Cubans were not the only ones cut off from their largest trade partners. Cambodia and VietNam came out on the losing end of the war and were forced down the road of capital after years of US-led ideologically driven embargoes and sanctions. Theyve used trade as a weapon and all the while preaching free trade to the rest of the world. It was a lie.

George Victor

Enough to make one picket Peter Munk's debates, and make sure that all public investments in the market avoid gold...and utilities involving water and energy...and South American mining ventures generally...and studiously review one's own mutual funds/investment portfolios, to avoid contamination, eh?  And that's only for starters.

George Victor

Oil for sure!