NDP Leadreship SIXTY

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KenS
NDP Leadreship SIXTY

What next?

Issues Pages: 
KenS

Mulcair has an obvious campaign strategy. So its a no brainer that he can be expected to be consolidating what he's got.

Everybody else- Nash included- needs to break out.

 

What kind of thing are we going to be seeing?

Either in general, or from particular candidate[s].

 

Gaian

What's next?

Numerically, 59 follows 58.

KenS

Good point !

KenS

I therefore dub this thread # SIXTY minus one.

And the next one can be 60.... with 'Leadership' spelled right for the heck of it.

[Or some old goat could re-number the thread title. Boring.]

 

and moving right along.....

oldgoat

Really, you should leave these complicated matters up to the moderators.  Here's what we'll do.  We'll pretent the 59th thread was entirely filled with spammers from money marts and essay writing services (a while ago that wouldn't have been too far fetched) and I deleted it all.

 

Happy 60th.

oldgoat

Oh, and why don't we leave "Leadreship" the way it is and pretend we're trying to be all bilingual and stuff.

KenS

Besides

the 59th thread is like the 13th floor

 

in fact, new years resolution: henceforth i shall avoid all prime numbers.

For starters: 60 and holding.

 

Why didnt I think of that before?

Maysie Maysie's picture

KenS, 2 years from now some poor sap will be looking for thread 59 and won't be able to find it. They will blame you.

I say, oldgoat please change to 59 and fix the damn typo!

KenS

Maysie wrote:

2 years from now some poor sap will be looking for thread 59 and won't be able to find it.

 

I'm concerned for this poor sap also. But not for what she cannot find.

I worry about anyone that would be looking.

Boom Boom Boom Boom's picture

I like the idea of thread 59 being the Phantom thread. It may become legendary! Laughing

KenS

We are into a new phase of the leadership campaign.

One down, two or more to go.

What kind of things are coming up?

KenS

Ahem.

cough, cough....

Quote:

We are into a new phase of the leadership campaign.

One down, two or more to go.

What kind of things are coming up?

 

Mulcair has an obvious campaign strategy. So its a no brainer that he can be expected to be consolidating what he's got.

Everybody else- Nash included- needs to break out.

 

What kind of thing are we going to be seeing?

Either in general, or from particular candidate[s].

 

Maysie Maysie's picture

Boom Boom wrote:

I like the idea of thread 59 being the Phantom thread. It may become legendary! Laughing

That's true. 

"Remember that thread 59 where we all agreed on everything? Wow, that was amazing! Will we ever be like that again? Sigh."

This is how myths are created. Good one, Boom.

As you were KenS, sorry for the last bit of drift.

Maysie Maysie's picture

P.S. I like Saganash, my next choice is Nash and I have a terrifying feeling that Mulcair will win.

How's that for back on track?

oldgoat

I also like Saganash.  My next choice has yet to be carved in stone.  I also have a sinking feeling about Mulcair, who has not moved out of ninth place in my heart.

 

I might change that spelling in the title.

KenS

Its growing on me.

Slumberjack

Here's to hoping that by number 69, there will have been brought about the sort of discussion that these threads have long been calling out for.

KenS

...especially by those who still would not be interested in the NDP even if the discussions did go some other way.

KenS

I was hoping to see what other strategic ruminations on the race might turn up.

But since I am going to ask, makes sense I start.

If you had something totally different in mind... and it has nothing to do with what I launch into... all the better. Lets hear it.

That said..

I don't really have any hard evidence that Mulcair is alone in front. Some of the campaigns may have reliable information, but we will not be getting even filtered versions of wht they [might] [and might reliably] know.

But assuming Mulcair is out in front- even if not way in front, which I do not think is the case..

 

All the other campaigns will have an interest in the Mulcair campaign being pushed back.

But with 7 other campaigns, this is where the classic Prisomers Dilemna comes in. And really it would come in even if there were only two oter campaigns.

Any candidate who decides to try to cut Mulcair down to size can expect to get blowback for it, with all the other candidates except the 'adventurer' reaping the benefits. So I do not think we are likely to see anything that looks like that.

But Mulcair is nonetheless a juicy target now- even getting the Bob Rae like free ride from the media. [What Mulcair abrasive narrative?]

That is a ripe target for a membership with a considerable inclination towards the underdog. Mulcair even managed counter-intuitively to put that to use early on. And still manages to keep that message circulating. But even having no idea HOW it will happen, I think it is a safe bet that this is a two way street, and payback time is coming for the Mulcair campaign.

But not payback in terms of intentions to get Mulcair. 'Payback' in terms of what goes round comes around.

Mulcair becomes a juicy target now as opprtunity for all the other candidates to define themselves.

IE, if Mulcair is the front runner... then look for flaws and define your candidate as the better in relation to those [and tap directly or indirectly into that underdog narrative]. I would see this happening in member phone contact, and even more at the candidate meet and greet events... NOT at the debates. [At least not there first.]

If it does happen, it will have a cumulative effect that bubbles to the surface where we all see it in various ways even if we never hear it delivered 'at the source' on the phone or at events.

Pretty much the same effect as so-called whisper campaigns. Except that I would think, considerably more possibility it could be much magnified.... more scope that the kind of things that get called whisper campaigns.

 

 

[Its worth saying here that there are of course out and out slimeball whisper campaigns. But I challenge anyone to give an operative in principle dividing line for what we see and might see in this race between what you would call a whisper campaign, and what would be called 'defining your candidate'. I bet you will find that all attempts to illustrate by real examples are going to be 'in the eye of the beholder' phenomena.]

 

mabrouss

oldgoat wrote:

I also like Saganash.  My next choice has yet to be carved in stone.  I also have a sinking feeling about Mulcair, who has not moved out of ninth place in my heart.

 

I might change that spelling in the title.

 

That's pretty low considering there are 8 candidates. You must not be a fan

flight from kamakura

personally, i'm very much in mulcair's corner, for all the reasons we've all poured over.  but i'm not convinced that he's leading at this point, i'm not convinced he'll win, and i'm not convinced that if he is indeed cruising to victory, there is anything the other campaigns can do about it.

i'm sort of with akin on his assessments, but i'd say that dewar is one debate away from dropping to the third tier.  he's just painful to watch at times, and provides a dramatic contrast with the masterful mulcair and car salesman-like nash.  topp too, yeesh.  he was my second pick until i spent a couple hours after the debate watching videos of his speechifying, he's just squirmy and shrinking and kind of a bit creepy.

essentially, the only real route to victory that i see for mulcair is that it simply becomes the consensus that we need his particular leadership skills at this juncture.  i'm firmly convinced that we do, and i think people are starting to come around to the real dangers that we face in quebec and that we face with a weak opposition leader (and that i predicted months ago).  if mulcair doesn't complete the sale in time for convention, then, barring any changes to the complexion of the race, it seems very very likely that nash becomes the leader.  if mulcair does complete the sale, then it really won't matter how much other campaigns strategize and snipe, he'll roll to victory as the consensus candidate.

finally, my guess is that once mulcair has his teams in place in eastern canada, he'll spend virtually all his time in ontario and bc, and that these will be where the contest turns.  topp's minions can organize all they like in the indo-canadian community, the numbers wouldn't be nearly enough to overcome a plurality party consensus, which - again - is what mulcair would need not to lose out on the preferred ballot.

KenS

flight from kamakura wrote:

personally, i'm very much in mulcair's corner, for all the reasons we've all poured over.  but i'm not convinced that he's leading at this point, i'm not convinced he'll win, and i'm not convinced that if he is indeed cruising to victory, there is anything the other campaigns can do about it.

That last point- you're joking, eh? Nothing the other campaigns can do about it? If he were inevitable, maybe.

But that inevitability seems to fail spreading outside those always disposed to him. And there is a reason that Mulcair stays far away from acting like he is the inevitable choice.

One of the many paradoxes of the Mulcair campaign: the campaign certainly puts out that unmistakable message, but never spells it out, and the candidate himself would not dare.

Sure I'm prrejudiced, but its not unreasonable to have a strong hunch that at least one of these paradoxes in impression management is bound to bite. Its just all too cute.

flight from kamakura wrote:

essentially, the only real route to victory that i see for mulcair is that it simply becomes the consensus that we need his particular leadership skills at this juncture. i'm firmly convinced that we do, and i think people are starting to come around to the real dangers that we face in quebec and that we face with a weak opposition leader (and that i predicted months ago). if mulcair doesn't complete the sale in time for convention, then, barring any changes to the complexion of the race, it seems very very likely that nash becomes the leader. if mulcair does complete the sale, then it really won't matter how much other campaigns strategize and snipe, he'll roll to victory as the consensus candidate.

In other words, you dont see a Plan B for Mulcair. I was wodering about that.

Makes sense.

But there is no evidence I see that the people who see it as we NEED Mulcair- the inevitability audience- is growing. 

I can see some outlines of Plan[s] B if the inevitability thing does not look like it is going to close the deal without some more help. But Mulcair is acting like a one trick pony.

 

KenS

flight from kamakura wrote:

topp's minions can organize all they like in the indo-canadian community, the numbers wouldn't be nearly enough to overcome a plurality party consensus..

'Topp's minions' and the indo-canadian community not only are not enough, they are miniscule. But they make a nice negative trope together.

KenS

dp

flight from kamakura

not really clear what your points were in all those posts.  anyway, noone is talking about mulcair as inevitable, not least myself.  indeed, if i were to lay money on the race at this point, i'd guess that nash would take it after 5 or so rounds.  and if you're convinced that mulcair's "plan a" is to promote himself as inevitable, we're watching two different ndp leadership campaigns.

Maysie Maysie's picture

Thread 69?

"Juicy target"?

What the hell is this thread turning into and why didn't this start back at thread #2 so I could have participated more?

As you were.

Kiss

JeffWells

Myself, as the campaign's progressed, I've unexpectedly become more comfortable with the idea of almost any credible candidate as leader. (Chisholm was never credible, IMO, and neither is Singh due to his fixation upon entrepreneurs and zero national profile until now.) Even Topp, who began the race pushing a wheelbarrow of negatives as far as I was concerned, has come to impress me with the depth of his policy proposals. Dewar is the one credible contender I believe would be a disaster. But perhaps after another debate or two he'll have shed his credible status.

Overall, though, I'm upbeat at the end of an awfully mixed year, and I think the race is proving a credit to the depth of talent in the party.

ottawaobserver

Well, at the risk of throwing a monkey wrench into things ... I'm going to come right out and say it.

I don't know of hardly any women supporting Mulcair outside of Quebec. I know one who is working on his campaign staff, who went there because she was offered money. In my circle (it's pretty wide across the country) no women are supporting him. They are mainly supporting Dewar, Nash and Saganash. And some are supporting Topp.

Is it just me? Is there a different experience in other parts of the country? That campaign just seems to attract a lot of very type A and/or instrumental men.

AnonymousMouse

I know of several women supporting Mulcair. Definitely more men, but plenty of women.

Endorsers are a different story.

Outside of BC and Saskatchewan connections I can't think of many women supporting Brian Topp.

Outside of Ontario and Manitoba connections I can't think of many women supporting Paul Dewar.

You can't exclude Quebec supporters for Mulcair unless you do the same for other candidates.

The only candidate with a large number of women endorsers outside their power base is Peggy Nash. And that's only a "large" number relative to her small number of endorsers overall. Given that she's the most prominent woman in the race, it's not exactly a surprise that she'd have more female support.

KenS

flight from kamakura wrote:

essentially, the only real route to victory that i see for mulcair is that it simply becomes the consensus that we need his particular leadership skills at this juncture. i'm firmly convinced that we do, and i think people are starting to come around .....

If that isnt an inevitably narrative, I dont know what is.

We NEED Mulcair. [And no one else will do.] Etc.

I think it is clear that is the main narrative to the campaign.

In questioning whether it exists, if you think I'm suggesting he will inevitably win. No. There would be no point talking about the campaigns if that was thought to be true.

wage zombie

flight from kamakura wrote:

finally, my guess is that once mulcair has his teams in place in eastern canada, he'll spend virtually all his time in ontario and bc, and that these will be where the contest turns.  topp's minions can organize all they like in the indo-canadian community, the numbers wouldn't be nearly enough to overcome a plurality party consensus, which - again - is what mulcair would need not to lose out on the preferred ballot.

This is in poor taste IMO.  We could just as easily talk about Mulcair's minions, or any other candidate's minions.

Are you suggesting there is something wrong with having supporters?  Is there some difference between a supporter and a minion?

I guess Topp has minions and Mulcair has fanboys.

wage zombie

A co-worker's wife who is a female lawyer in and from BC is pretty sold on Mulcair after going to one of his BC events.  I doubt she is active enough to do any organizing for him but I could see her donating to his campaign (she may have already).  A big part of his appeal for her is she feels the country is polarized and Mulcair would be a uniter (ie. she views his perceived centrism as an advantage).  She does not put a high value on seeking a strong mandate from the get go--but she does feel like his cap and trade 'plan' is bold.  Also she said it was a small turnout, much lower than expected, and a lawyer-heavy audience--so the result was that he spoke very frankly about how things would need to be pitched.

I don't know anything about his organizational staff.

AnonymousMouse

As the term is commonly used, an "inevitablility strategy" would be a strategy based on a creating a sense that it is "inevitable" that a given candidate will win the current race.

The idea being to lock up supporters and endorsers who have a stake in choosing the winning candidate, discourage endorsers and supporters from actively working for other candidates because it seems futile and create a "bandwagon effect" by which people support the "inevitable" candidate because the appearence that that candidate seems to be winning makes them more attractive generally.

Mulcair doesn't seem to be doing that, but rather running on electability--the idea that there is a broad consensus in the party on policy and that what is needed is a leader who can win the next election.

I don't think that means people have to believe "We NEED Mulcair"--as if all the other candidates are unacceptable--but rather only that (a) Mulcair is the most electable candidate in a general election and (b) that electablility in a general election is more important than the other small differences that exist between candidates.

flight from kamakura

everyone has minions.

KenS

AnonymousMouse wrote:
...that electablility in a general election is more important than the other small differences that exist between candidates.

And repeating "the other small differences" as if it were fact, helps it become all but one.

Among the people who aren't sure anyway. The voters in the race not inclined to see it that way being mostly beyond the reach of your campaign anyway.

Agreed that an 'inevitably narrative' usually means portraying onself as the inevitable winner of the campaign. But 'usually' does not mean always.

So I stand by the general description of Mulcair's dominant campaign narrative as being one of his inevitability. When your campaign and supporters are consistently portraying you as the the only one who is sufficiently electable, I think it at least borders on disengenuos to characterize thise as only arguing that Mulcair is the most electable.

Hunky_Monkey

AnonymousMouse wrote:

You can't exclude Quebec supporters for Mulcair unless you do the same for other candidates.

Same goes for Mulcair not having a ton of MPs outside Quebec... or Mulcair not having a flood of MPs elected before 2011... do the other candidates? No.

KenS

Thinking about the overall contours of the race....

The Nash, Topp, Dewar and Saganas and Cullen campaigns all go to some lengths to portray the candidate excelling at working and leading a team, consensus builders, etc.

For the purposes of discussion lets assume they are all largely succeeding. In the context of this race, what is still missing?

Mulcair pretty much has a corner on gravitas and competitiveness. The main narratives of the campaign- succesor to Jack Layton and emulating him notwithstanding... those are valuable qualities in this race too.

Sure, Mulcair starts with more assets in that 'department'- but do those advantages explain no one challenging him on that turf?

For that matter, how can any candidate win without at least a degree of challenge on that front?

 

To put it another way:

I have always thought that whatever else, Mulcair will be on the last ballot. But maybe not. Mulcair is the kind of candidate who if he is not on track to winning, can easily stall and fail to make the last ballot. But for any candidate in the race, if you are looking to the last ballot, he is the most likely opponent there. So you need to have competed with him on 'his turf' as well. If he happens to not make it to the last ballot, the fact you competed successfully with him along the way is going to serve you will against your final opponent.

Idealistic Prag... Idealistic Pragmatist's picture

AnonymousMouse wrote:
Outside of Ontario and Manitoba connections I can't think of many women supporting Paul Dewar.

There are an awful lot in Edmonton. For what it's worth.

Boom Boom Boom Boom's picture

We probably should have a debate here on electability, with regard to the next federal election. Which of the eight leadership candidates has the best probability of winning against Harper in 2015, in other words - keeping in mind it's a group effort, not a solo performance.

ottawaobserver

Hunky_Monkey wrote:

AnonymousMouse wrote:

You can't exclude Quebec supporters for Mulcair unless you do the same for other candidates.

Same goes for Mulcair not having a ton of MPs outside Quebec... or Mulcair not having a flood of MPs elected before 2011... do the other candidates? No.

But here's the thing: that's true now. It won't be several months from now. Where do the rest of the folks go, and why? It's a really nagging question.

And the problem for Mulcair's campaign is that his spinners keep saying "he has the most MPs". If, by the end of the race, he doesn't - that's going to be a problem for his momentum, isn't it. Either they're really sure he has the majority of them (I'm not), or it's a very short-sighted spin-line.

Brian Glennie

Try as I might, I find it tough to get over what Mulcair did to Libby. I'd sure appreciate it if one of his supporters here could speak to what is, to me, one of the real low points in NDP history.

Hunky_Monkey

ottawaobserver wrote:

Hunky_Monkey wrote:

AnonymousMouse wrote:

You can't exclude Quebec supporters for Mulcair unless you do the same for other candidates.

Same goes for Mulcair not having a ton of MPs outside Quebec... or Mulcair not having a flood of MPs elected before 2011... do the other candidates? No.

But here's the thing: that's true now. It won't be several months from now. Where do the rest of the folks go, and why? It's a really nagging question.

And the problem for Mulcair's campaign is that his spinners keep saying "he has the most MPs". If, by the end of the race, he doesn't - that's going to be a problem for his momentum, isn't it. Either they're really sure he has the majority of them (I'm not), or it's a very short-sighted spin-line.

He has 35 now... think Topp has the second most at 10. I think there are about 30 - 40 left? Are you saying a single candidate is going to get the vast majority of the rest of them? Can't really see that...

theleftyinvestor

Malcolm wrote:

I'll go easy on you and simply write you aff as hopelessly naive on this point.

There is no way on God's green earth to build up the necessary political support for any Senate reform apart from abolition - and even abolition will take some doing.

Not to mention that the creation of a second chamber with democratic legitimacy is arecipe for the sort of legislative gridlock that effectively prevents the development of humane social policy in the UNited States.

A reformed Senate is at least even odds to be worse than the present monstrocity.  Fortunately, a better Senate is nigh on impossible.

Abolition will come.

The USA isn't the only example of an upper house. Australia has an STV-elected Senate and from what I hear it's highly functional. The STV system most recently allowed their Greens (who are genuiniely on the left compared to ours) to hold somewhat of a balance of power. Had we a similar STV Senate, the upper house would have likely been an enabler of humane social policy over the past 10 years (to whatever extent that non-Conservatives can agree upon). And perhaps capable of blocking Conservative excess in the face of a "majority" in the lower house.

Hunky_Monkey

Brian Glennie wrote:

Try as I might, I find it tough to get over what Mulcair did to Libby. I'd sure appreciate it if one of his supporters here could speak to what is, to me, one of the real low points in NDP history.

Maybe the low point was Jack Layton calling the Israeli Ambassador to apologize for her comments?

This has been chatted about at length is previous threads.

writer writer's picture

 

Saganash (with an "h" there on the end) pretty much has a corner on hunting, enjoyment of the outdoors in all conditions, and endurance. The main narratives of the campaign – successor to Jack Layton and emulating him notwithstanding ... those are valuable qualities in this race too.

Sure, Saganash starts with more assets in that 'department'- but do those advantages explain no one challenging him on that turf?

For that matter, how can any candidate win without at least a degree of challenge on that front?

And oh! There's also that gravitas and the whole "deep cooperation ensuring that the job gets done so that no one is left behind" thing: see Plan du Nord, that UN Declaration Mr. Saganash played a central role in developing and handling, and seeing passed, despite Canada's best efforts to kill it.

 

AnonymousMouse

Idealistic Pragmatist wrote:

AnonymousMouse wrote:
Outside of Ontario and Manitoba connections I can't think of many women supporting Paul Dewar.

There are an awful lot in Edmonton. For what it's worth.

I was referring to endorsers. I know lots of men and women supporting all candidates, but I see the fact Mulcair doesn't seem to have many female endorsers outside Quebec as parallel to the fact that other candidates don't have many outside their areas of greatest strength.

AnonymousMouse

ottawaobserver wrote:

And the problem for Mulcair's campaign is that his spinners keep saying "he has the most MPs". If, by the end of the race, he doesn't - that's going to be a problem for his momentum, isn't it. Either they're really sure he has the majority of them (I'm not), or it's a very short-sighted spin-line.

By my count, once you exclude the MPs who aren't endorsing anyone and the MPs who are running, there are about 30-35 left. In other words, it is nearly mathematically impossible for any candidate other than Brian Topp to get more MP endorsements than Mulcair and any candidate (including Topp) would need to get almost all the remaining MPs to do so.

AnonymousMouse

KenS wrote:

AnonymousMouse wrote:
...that electablility in a general election is more important than the other small differences that exist between candidates.

And repeating "the other small differences" as if it were fact, helps it become all but one.

Among the people who aren't sure anyway. The voters in the race not inclined to see it that way being mostly beyond the reach of your campaign anyway.

Agreed that an 'inevitably narrative' usually means portraying onself as the inevitable winner of the campaign. But 'usually' does not mean always.

So I stand by the general description of Mulcair's dominant campaign narrative as being one of his inevitability. When your campaign and supporters are consistently portraying you as the the only one who is sufficiently electable, I think it at least borders on disengenuos to characterize thise as only arguing that Mulcair is the most electable.

I don't hear very many people saying Mulcair is the only electable candidate. I hear a CERTAIN NUMBER of people making the argument that Mulcair is by far and/or obviously the MOST electable candidate. I don't think either is an "inevitablility" argument, but if you want to use that term to describe what you're seeing fair enough.

As for the people who are "unreachable" by Mulcair's campaign, there seems to be a very small number of people who are willing to very quickly declare him somekind of closest interloper who will betray the party's values (despite a lot of evidence to the contrary and little to no evidence to support that conclusion). There seems to be a larger group who may prefer another candidate as their first choice for a variety of reasons. But even the first group doesn't seem to be arguing there are big policy divisions between any of the candidates. All the candidates seem to be more or less within the relatively narrow mainstream of party policy. If someone wants to argue otherwise, fair enough, but I'm not seeing it.

I think the subtext of this conversation is really that Mulcair has certain qualities that make him an obvious choice for leader and when some of his supporters express their surpirse that the membership isn't rallying around him en masse, they're seen as "pushy" by those who resent the implication that this race should be considered over before the ballots are even mailed out. Again, fair enough. Mulcair supporters should take that into account if they want to be effective in convincing people to support their candidate. But let's keep a couple of things mind.

First, blaming a candidate because one feels some of hisor her supporters are too pushy doesn't make a lot of sense.

Second, while New Democrats shouldn't feel they have to go with "the obvious choice", it would be truly self-defeating to hold that against a candidate. Sometimes a candidate is seen as the obvious choice because they're obviously very good.

Lou Arab Lou Arab's picture

ottawaobserver wrote:

Well, at the risk of throwing a monkey wrench into things ... I'm going to come right out and say it.

I don't know of hardly any women supporting Mulcair outside of Quebec. I know one who is working on his campaign staff, who went there because she was offered money. In my circle (it's pretty wide across the country) no women are supporting him. They are mainly supporting Dewar, Nash and Saganash. And some are supporting Topp.

Is it just me? Is there a different experience in other parts of the country? That campaign just seems to attract a lot of very type A and/or instrumental men.

Because women from Quebec somehow don't count?

mtm

First off, I think that what Ken S is saying, about the campaign's "narrative" isn't as deep or nefarious as you'd like to suggest.  I think that most of the conclusions people are making regarding Mulcair's strengths are honest and forthright, and in most cases, coincide exactly with the message the campaign is portraying because they are indisputable, and ones that members have made for themselves already.

Its not so much that the "lines" the that campaign are using are resonating, so much as the campaign are using lines that have already resonated.  

 

Now, about the Libby thing - I think that's been talked to death, especially on this forum!  LOL.  I still don't think he "did" anything to her, but that interpretation of course has to do whether you're a close supporter of Libby or not (or Thomas for that matter).  I personally find it interesting that it was her that went "off message", intentionally or not, to create that whole situation.  In addition, Jack, though defending her, called her statement a "serious mistake". 

I think they have since patched things over, and proven they are able to work together within the Caucus and in the House.  Standing together during Jack's funeral was a great signal that they've put it behind them.  Her endorsement of Topp aside (which I think would have been inevitable anyway), it seems to be worked out. Like many internal conflicts, some often drag them out long after the respective protagonists have moved on from them.  I have no doubt they'd be able to work together - they did before and they have since.

 

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