A new round of talks to renegotiate NAFTA is being held in Montreal from January 23 through January 27. Canada and Mexico should discuss the energy proportionality rule in NAFTA’s Chapter 6 that requires a member country to make available for export the same percentage of energy as it has in the past three years. It blocks a member country’s sovereignty to determine its level of carbon fuel exports, the price at which it sells its oil to its own people, and hinders climate change action.
Jean Chrétien ran his winning election campaign in 1993 on the Liberal Red Book that promised to renegotiate NAFTA to get “the same energy protection as Mexico.” Mexico rejected NAFTA’s energy proportionality rule then on sovereignty grounds, got an exemption from it, but wants to accept it in NAFTA 2.0. Chrétien buckled when he was rebuffed by President Bill Clinton in 1993. Ottawa and Mexico City were right then, and should jointly eliminate proportionality now.
At the behest of Washington, Alberta, and Big Oil, Brian Mulroney’s Conservative government inserted energy proportionality into the 1989 Canada-U.S. Free Trade Agreement. The aim was to prevent the next Liberal government from implementing another national energy program (NEP) like that of Pierre Trudeau’s government. The NEP cut oil exports to the U.S. in the west so the oil could be supplied to eastern Canadians who relied on oil imports, putting them at the risk of international oil supply crises.
Putting proportionality into an international trade agreement is like constitutionalizing it. It’s hard for the next government to undo it no matter how much it and the voters wish to do so.
The proportionality rule was folded into NAFTA. It obliges Canada to make available to the U.S. 52 per cent of our natural gas output, 74 per cent of our oil production and 11 per cent of our electricity.
No other industrial country has given another country first access to its energy resources. But Mexico may now do so.
Under proportionality, Canadian oil and gas exports can rise or fall through “market” changes — essentially decisions by Big Oil — but Ottawa cannot, as a matter of policy, reduce carbon energy exports to cut greenhouse gases (GHGs), or redirect domestic oil to displace oil imports to eastern Canadians.
Now oil interests want Mexican President Enrique Peña Nieto Nieto to use Mulroney’s ploy to lock in the privatization of Mexico’s oil and electricity industries. This runs counter to the pledges of opposition candidates Andrés Manuel López Obrador of Morena and María de Jesús Patricio of the Zapatista movement’s National Indigenous Council. Currently, López Obrador is leading in the polls for Mexico’s 2018 presidential election.
By signing onto proportionality Mexico could be stuck with privatization, no matter what the voters say. This is a major issue in Mexico, a country that historically nationalized the foreign-owned oil industry in 1938.
In the past five years, Export Development Canada provided billions of dollars to finance the recently privatized Mexican energy sector. To pave the way for the denationalization of the energy sector, workers were displaced in a range of national energy industries, sparking much protest. In 2009, 40,000 workers in Mexico’s energy utility were laid off in one day.
Export Development Canada also helped finance the seven natural gas pipelines TransCanada built or is building in Mexico. TransCanada delivers sharply increased imports of U.S. natural gas to Mexico’s electricity grid. This has gone hand in glove with reduced Mexican energy sovereignty, fewer jobs in producing energy, and the potential displacement of infrastructure for renewable energy.
These changes have brought misery and sparked mass protests against the removal of subsidies on Mexican fuel. Rising gas prices, known as the ‘gasolinazo’, prompted price rises on basic commodities earlier this year.
Energy proportionality is bad for Mexico and Canada. It undermines the ability of both countries to take control over their production of greenhouse gases and their own energy sources. During current NAFTA talks, both countries should demand an end to the proportionality rule and create conditions for energy sovereignty.
NAFTA is supposed to aid trade among the three North American countries, not derail democracy. If Mexicans wish to elect López Obrador to reverse the denationalization of Mexico’s energy sector, that should be their right.
Raul Burbano is the Program Director for Common Frontiers Canada, Gordon Laxer is author of “After the Sands: Energy and Ecological Security for Canadians” and founding Director of Parkland Institute at the University of Alberta, and Anna Zalik is a Professor the Faculty of Environmental Studies at York University.
Image: Matthew Rutledge/flickr
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