morisette-inequality

One thing I really like about the Occupy movement is that it is reclaiming mental space. I’m thinking of the overt focus on the riches gained by the top 1 per cent, and of naming and shaming capitalism. Two are one and the same, of course. It is in the top 1 per cent that we find the capitalists — those who own large chunks of the economy as we know it — as well as the chief beneficiaries of capitalist enterprise — those who receive high incomes due to the proximity to the system’s core, including executives, bankers, lawyers and other professionals who command high incomes but may not have an ownership stake (though they probably do).

With this in mind, I pulled together some numbers to get at how the pie is sliced. There is some Canadian data but it is patchy because we simply do not ask these impolite questions about who gets what. So to round out our understanding I draw on some U.S. data.

Statistics Canada generally does not release statistics on Canada’s top 1 per cent. StatsCan’s Social Policy Simulation Database and Model allows you to make a good estimate, as it draws on tax data, so I just crunched these out. For 2010, the top 1 per cent (works out to a household income over $366,717) took 10.5 per cent of total income (market income plus investment income plus government transfers). The next 4 per cent took 12.0 per cent. Overall, the top 10 per cent of households (income over $148,241) got just under one-third of the income (32.9 per cent).

The real action, though, is around wealth (who owns and controls what), not just the distribution of annual incomes (wages, salaries and bonuses made in a year). For wealth, we only have Canadian data for the top 10 per cent, and only as far back as 2005 (Morisette and Zhang 2006):

Median wealth and share of total wealth

A key point is that wealth is much more unequally distributed than income. These numbers are striking, with 58 per cent of wealth in the hands of the top 10 per cent. But we hit a bit of a wall when it comes to looking further up. There does tend to be a bit of fractal pattern that happens with distribution, so if the top 10 per cent get 58 per cent of the wealth, a rough estimate is that the top 1 per cent would get 58 per cent of the income of the top 10 per cent, so about one-third of the total wealth. Meanwhile, the bottom half of households have a teensy 3 per cent of total wealth, with the bottom 10 per cent completely underwater (liabilities greater than assets, or negative net worth).

To probe the nuances of income and wealth maldistribution, U.S. data is more informative. While the distribution of both income and wealth tends to be worse in the U.S. than Canada, we have been racing hard to close that gap.

There is a nice summary of research on who the top 1 per cent of U.S. income earners are and what they do here. But let’s instead focus on Edward Wolff’s research on wealth inequality in the U.S., which highlights the differences between the distribution of income, wealth and non-housing wealth:

The Size Distribution of Wealth and Income, 1983-2007

Whereas the top 1 per cent garnered more than one-fifth (21.3 per cent) of American income, they held a bigger slice — more than one-third (34.6 per cent) — of total wealth (total assets less liabilities, or net worth). Because the middle class typically hold the vast majority of their wealth (to the extent they have any) in the form of housing, if housing is stripped out we get a better picture of the distribution of control over economic resources (or financial capital). Here, Wolff finds the top 1 per cent take more than two-fifths of the wealth (42.7 per cent).

The breakdowns from Wolff for shares outside the top 1 per cent are similarly revealing. It is striking that what we might think of as capitalism, the ownership of the private economy, is almost entirely locked up by the top 10 per cent, who hold 82 per cent of U.S. financial wealth. The financial return on that wealth feeds back into the distribution of income in any given year. As the richest have pushed their advantage, the distribution of income has become increasingly more unequal, even though the wealth share itself was about the same in 2006 as in 1983. The converse of this “top heavy” distribution is that the bottom 60 per cent of households getting about 20 per cent of the income, enough to stay alive but not enough to accumulate assets and therefore get into “the ownership society.”

So changes in the distribution of income are a must, and that includes measures that strengthen the hand of workers, like unionizing the low-wage service sector and living wage policies in the labour market along with progressive income taxes for the top earners and greater redistribution of those revenues into public services and income transfers (like a guaranteed income). But we need to go further and challenge the inequitable distribution of wealth itself by taxing financial wealth, or minimally the transfer of that wealth through inheritances, bequests and gifts.

This article was first posted on The Progressive Economics Forum.